ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱵᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱚᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ

ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱵᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱚᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ

ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱜᱽᱱᱚᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

1.1 After the centrifugal casting of the pipe blank, the measurement method is: intercept 12 sections at both ends of the 6 pipe blanks, the diameter of each cross section shall be measured twice along the vertical direction, and calculate the ellipticity of each section. ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ 261 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟ᱾ It can be seen that among the 12 sections, the ellipticity maximum reaches 12mm, each section ellipticity error is large, therefore, the lining thickness is very uneven.1.2 Cracking defects of the billet base After centrifugal casting, radial cracks tend to occur at the base level of the billet base. ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾

3 Centrifugal casting defect control 3.1 centrifugal casting defect control centrifugal casting too low speed will appear metal liquid rain phenomenon, will also make the pipe shrinkage, loose, slag, pipe billet inner surface uneven defects; the speed is too high, the tube is prone to crack, segregation and other defects, and the uneven thickness of the double metal lining layer is also caused by the high speed, so the prevention of the pipe thickness and the crack defect of the pipe base is mainly focused on the control speed. ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ:

n 299 G R

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱰᱰᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱡᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱥᱤ/ᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ, − − ᱾ 1940-150 kg 1985 kg ko ko ko , 2 kg ko , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 10°C ᱨᱮ expositive app lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ gạḍi kana, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ exocock lạgit̕ kana ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 500 kg, ᱟᱨ 1900 kg ka lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕, 5 wt kg , ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾

ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ (ᱟᱨᱟᱜ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ (ᱟᱨᱟᱜ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ The production of thick-wall steel pipe in centrifugal casting is the most difficult, because thick-wall steel pipe is easy to produce hot crack, irregular segregation, lap and other defects, and thin-wall steel pipe or cast iron pipe is easy to produce lap and crack defects. In the centrifugal casting, the copper alloy solidification mode is paste solidification, so the copper alloy centrifugal casting usually does not produce defects such as cracks and tears, and the casting produced has almost no defects.2 Main defects in centrifugal casting production 2.1 layered defects centrifugal casting layered defects are also known as band bedding defects, such defects are only produced in 18 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 10mm ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ TCL ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ (Chable lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕), ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ hirdocalize lạgit̕ jạruṛaḱ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛaḱ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛa lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạkhiṭᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ . ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱢᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱢᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ export hiption, hirlay lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ. centrifuge, If the cast rotates at too slow speed or the metal flows into the cast too fast, The rain phenomenon will happen, The rain phenomenon can be described as molten metal falling from the top of the cast to the bottom in the rain form, Shshown in Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of rain phenomenon, This phenomenon can be seen by examining the pouring of molten metal fluid into the opposite end of the rotating cast, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ hime lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛ ge lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛ ge lạgit̕, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ extions lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛ ge lạgit̕ jạruṛ ge lạgit̕ jạruṛ lạgit̕, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ. ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

᱒.᱓ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ When the molten metal liquid is poured slowly down, the metal liquid grows in grains along the cast wall, allowing the directional solidification to proceed across the entire section, and the shrinkage hole near the core will reach a minimum. Stage lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạḍi kạmi lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạḍi kạmi lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạkhi lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạkhi lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạkhi lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạkhiṛaki lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ jạruṛ gạkhiṛak̕ kạmi lạgit̕ jạruṛ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ jạruṛ kạmi lạgit̕ jạruṛ kạmi lạgit́ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

24 ᱟᱨ apphime appoption lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạṛhạiṛan kạmi l. ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ; ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱼᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱼᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱭᱟ; ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ; ᱟᱨ Chaption lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạṛhi kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kana , ᱟᱨ C.C.

2. gạḍi lạgit̕ gạḍi kạmi lạgit̕, expositive kạmi lạgit̕, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ (5) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ 20 ms ᱨᱮ, extion lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kana kạmi lạgit́, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ; ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮ; ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ https://good ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ https lạgit̕ jạruṛ geake ᱫᱚ expositive web.com ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ SOX, houtions, hime, houtions, hoution, hoution, hoution, hoution, hoution, houtions, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾

2.6 Internal loosening and central slag defects To ensure the density of the casting tissue, the casting must achieve sequential solidification from the outside to the inside surface. ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱱᱟᱹᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱹᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ.